inclusive growth, sustainable development & employment section 2 MCQ Questions & Answers Detailed Explanation

Answer: (c)

Structural unemployment occurs for a number of reasons - workers lacking the requisite job skills, change in government policy or change in technology, or they may live far from regions where jobs are available but are unable to move there or simply unwilling to work because existing wage levels are too low.

So, while jobs are available, there is a serious mismatch between what companies need and what workers can offer.

Structural unemployment exists when there are jobs available and people willing to do work, but there are not a sufficient number of people qualified to fill the vacant jobs.

Answer: (b)

Population growth in India has been slowing in recent decades from an annual growth rate of 2.5% during 971-81 to an estimated 1.3% as of 2011-16 and is projected to slow down to 1% during 2021-31 and under 0.5% during 2031-41.

A key driver of the above trend has been the steady decline in India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) since the mid-1980s. TFR declined from 4.5 in 1984 to 2.3 in 2016 (The Total Fertility Rate is defined as the total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years)

Replacement level fertility is usually marked at 2.1. But the required replacement level fertility for India is higher than the usual benchmark of 2.1. The reason is the skewed sex ratio, because of which a woman would have to give birth to more than 2.1 children in order for the population to replace itself.

Estimates suggest that the effective replacement level fertility after taking into account the skewed sex ratio could be around 2.15 to 2.2 for India with a sex ratio of 1.11 (Replacement level fertility is the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.)

India’s TFR is projected to fall well below replacement level fertility by 2021 to 1.8 (from 2.3 in 2016). But there will be positive population growth in the next two decades due to,

1. Population momentum (it occurs because it is not only the number of children per woman that determine population growth, but also the number of women of reproductive age which is more for India.), and
2. The continued rise in life expectancy

Answer: (d)

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme was launched on October 2, 1975. to tackle malnutrition and health problems in children below 6 years of age and their mothers.

Answer: (b)

Answer: (d)

The central government announces the National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW) which is non-statutory but acts as a benchmark that pulls up the wages of the workers. NFLMW does not operate as a conventional floor wage to protect the lowest-paid workers. Currently, NFLMW is Rs. 176/day.

There are nearly 429 scheduled employments and 1,915 scheduled job categories across India for unskilled workers for which minimum wages are set by different states.

One in every three wage workers in India is not protected by the minimum wage law. States have different minimum wages and the main justification for it is the different levels of economic development.

The proliferation of minimum wage rates and scheduled employments is a strong deterrent for compliance.

Answer: (c)