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DELHI SULTANATE & ISLAMIC INVASION
- MEDIEVAL PERIOD INDIAN HISTORY

Origin, Facts, Invasion, Timeline, Characteristics Features, Political Administration, Wars, Economy, Trade, Religion, Social, Art and Culture, & Literature Works of Delhi Sultanate

Posted By Careericons Team

Introduction to the Coming of Islam to India :

It was the Prophet Mohammad who propagated Islam during the early seventh century in the deserts of Arabia. Within a century Islam expanded over the regions of the entire Middle East, North Africa, Spain, Iran and Central Asia. In India, Islam was introduced with raids by Mahmud of Ghazni and it consolidated with the founding of the Sultanate of Delhi.

Following were the reasons for the success of Muslims in India:

  1. Lack of unity and organisation among the Rajputs,
  2. Lack of a central government,
  3. Kingdoms were small and scattered,
  4. The Muslims were better organised and took advantage of the lack of mutual cooperation among the Rajputs, &
  5. Buddhism made the Indian masses timid and weakened their military attitude.

"4" IMPORTANT MUSLIM INVADERS TO INDIA FROM ARAB & TURKEY

I. THE ARABIC INVASION (711–715 AD)

1. Muhammad Bin Qasim,

Bin Qasim attacked India and captured Sindh in 712 AD. He made it to the province of Omayyad Khilafat.

The Arab military conquered the region of the Indus delta in Sindh in 711 AD and formed an Indo - Muslim state. Initially, these warriors began to shift to Afghanistan and Iran and thereafter into India. The Jats and Mets (Buddhists) had invited Qasim to attack King Dahir of Sindh.

However, Qasim himself was tempted by the enormous wealth that India had. He defeated King Dahir in the Battle of Rawar (712 AD). In the battle, King Dahir's elephant was struck in the eye by an arrow. It got frightened and fl ed the scene. King—Dahir's army thought that he has surrendered and fled the battlefield. They were very surprised.

Qasim's armies took advantage of the situation and started brutally killing them. King Dahir was also found by the Arabs and was killed. His widow Rani Ravibai and son Jaisingh took shelter in the fort and tried to offer resistance.

Eventually, Rani Ravibai and the widows of the Rajput soldiers committed Jauhar. Sind was made an Islamic outpost. Here, the Arabs formed trade links with the Middle East. Later many teachers and Sufis joined the traders. However, there was little influence of Arab culture in the rest of South Asia.

They captured Sindh, Multan and other prominent cities in the north - west but could not consolidate their rule after the death of Qasim. The Arabs had to eventually leave India towards the end of the ninth century because of the rise of the Rajputs and the Chalukyas.

Some Facts About Early Muslim Dynasties

  • Arab penetration affected Afghanistan probably more decisively than any previous foreign influence.
  • Centuries passed, however, before Islam became the dominant religion.
  • Arab political control was superseded meanwhile by Iranian and Turkish rules. Complete Turkish ascendancy in the area was established late in the tenth century and early in the eleventh century by the Muslim sultan, Mahmud of Ghazni.
  • Islamic culture subsequently achieved brilliant heights under the Afghan or Iranian Ghuri dynasty (1148–1215).
  • The Ghurids gradually extended their rule into northern India but were overwhelmed by the hordes of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan, who came down from the north about 1220.
  • Most of the country remained under Mongol control until the close of the fourteenth century, when another Mongol invader, Tamerlane, seized northern Afghanistan.
  • Among Tamerlane's, most prominent successors were Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty of India, who conquered Kabul about 1504.

II. THE TURKISH INVASION
(986–1206 AD)

2. Subuktgin (986–997AD)

  • The ruler of Khurassan and Ghazni, Subuktgin, conquered India in AD 986–987.
  • King Jai Pal got frightened on seeing his large army.
  • He made peace with him and offered money, elephants and a few forts.
  • Later, he broke his promise and refused to hand over what he had promised.
  • Subuktgin defeated Jai Pal in Lamghan but soon died in 997.
  • Mahmud of Ghazni became his successor.

3. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni (997–1030 AD)

Mahmud of Ghazni launched 17 plundering campaigns between 1000 AD and 1027 AD into North India. He annexed Punjab as his eastern province.

His 17 campaigns in India had two main objectives:

  1. To propagate Islam in India and
  2. To loot wealth from India.

According to some contemporary Persian sources, his primary motive was to propagate Islam and that is why he was given the title of Ghazi. However, recent studies prove that he had highlighted his religious motive to impress the Caliphate in Baghdad. His real motive for conquering India was to loot the wealth hidden in the temples of India.

He had an advantage over the Rajputs as his soldiers could effectively use the crossbow while galloping. His conquest of Punjab forecast ominous consequences for the rest of India. However, the Rajputs remained unprepared and did not try to change their military tactics.

Their ways were rendered ineffective in the face of the swift and punitive cavalry of the Afghans and Turkis. In 1025, he plundered the most famous Hindu temple of Somnath, Present Gujarat. The temple was destroyed in 1026.

4. Muhammad Ghori (1175–1206 AD)

Muiz - ud - din Muhammad Ghori invaded India and laid the foundation of the Muslim dominion in India. He may be considered the founder of Muslim rule in India.

In 1179, he reached Peshawar and captured it. At the time of his invasion, Punjab was ruled by Khusrau Malik of the Ghazni dynasty. Khusrau was a powerful king and it was not easy for Muhammad to defeat him in war. So, he treacherously killed him in 1192 and captured Punjab. Then, he challenged the Rajput kingdoms, but stubborn resistance from united Rajput kingdoms under the leadership of Prithviraj stopped his further expansion.

Ghori was defeated in 1191 in the First Battle of Tarain, a village near Thanesar in present - day Haryana, by Prithviraj. He was humiliated and he fled from India. But he returned with a mightier army, constituting Turkish and Afghan soldiers and challenged Prithviraj again on the same battlefield.

The Second Battle of Tarain (1192) was fought and Prithviraj was not supported adequately by other Rajput rulers this time. It is believed that if Jayachandra had supported Prithviraj in this battle, the invaders would have been easily defeated.

Later on, Prithviraj was executed on charges of conspiracy. Muhammad then made Gola, son of Prithviraj, a puppet king and deputed his trusted servant Qutab - ud - din Aibak to take care of the administration of the region.

He went back to Central Asia but returned to India in 1204. However, further conquests were halted by his untimely death in 1206. Aibak then went on to capture neighbouring Meerut, Aligarh and Delhi. Aibak then shifted his seat of power to Delhi.


ESTABLISHMENT OF DELHI SULTANATE

How Slaves Made Sultans ?

  • The concept of equality in Islam and Muslim traditions reached its climax in the history of South Asia when slaves were raised to the status of sultans. The Slave Dynasty ruled the sub - continent for about 84 years.
  • Qutub - ud - din Aibak, Shams - ud - din Iltutmush and Ghiyas - ud - din Balban, the three great sultans of the era, were themselves sold and purchased during their early lives.
  • The Slave Dynasty was the first Muslim dynasty that ruled India. Muhammad Ghori had no son, so he raised thousands of slaves like his sons.
  • Ghori had the habit of buying every talented slave he came across. He would then train them in the way royal children were trained.
  • During Ghori's regime, slaves occupied all key positions in the government machinery.
  • Three favourite slaves of the Sultan were, Qutub - ud - din Aibak, Taj - ud - din Ildiz, and Nasir - ud - din Qubachah.
  • He appointed them governors of Delhi, Ghazni, and Lahore, respectively.
  • Ghori never nominated his successor but it was obvious that the successor was to be one of his slaves. When Ghori died in 1206, the Amirs elected Aibak as the new Sultan.
  • Aibak first shifted his capital from Ghazni to Lahore and then from Lahore to Delhi. Thus, he was the first Muslim ruler who ruled South Asia and had his headquarters in the region as well.

4 Slaves of Muhammad Ghori Later Made Governors

  1. Taj - ud - din Yalduz at Ghazni,
  2. Nasir - ud - din Qubachah at Uchh,
  3. Qutub - ud - din Aibak at Delhi, &
  4. Bakhtiyar Khilji at Bengal.

DELHI SULTANATE TIMELINE

indian-history-the-delhi-sultanatea

1. Slave Dynasty (1206 - 1290 CE)

  1. Qutub - ud - din Aibak (1206 - 1210 CE)
  2. Shams - ud - din Iltutmish (1211 - 1236 CE)
    1. Rukn - ud - din (1236 CE)
  3. Raziya Sultan (1236 - 1240 CE)
    1. Bahram Shah (1240–1242 CE)
    2. Masud Shah (1242–1246 CE)
    3. Nasir - ud - din Muhammad (1246–1266 CE)
  4. Balban or Ghiyas - ud - din Balban (1266–1287 CE)
    1. Kaiqubad (1287–1290)

2. Khilji Dynasty (1290 - 1320 CE)

  1. Jalal - ud - din Firoz Khilji (1290 - 1296 CE)
  2. Ala - ud - din Khilji (1296 - 1376 CE)
    1. Malik Kafur (1315 CE)
  3. Mubarak Khan (1316–1320 CE)

3. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 – 1414 CE)

  1. Ghiyas - ud - din Tughlaq (1320 - 1325 CE)
  2. Mohammad Bin Tughlaq or Jauna Khan (1325 - 1351 CE)
  3. Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1357 - 1386 CE)
  4. Nasir - ud - din Tughlaq (1388–1414)

4. Sayyid Dynasty (1398 - 1451 CE)

  1. Khizr Khan (1414–1421 CE)
  2. Mubarak Shah (1421–1434 CE)
  3. Muhammad Shah (1434–1443 CE)
  4. Alam Shah (1443–1451 CE)

5. Lodhi Dynasty (1451 - 1526 CE)

  1. Bahlul Lodhi (1451–1488 CE)
  2. Sikander Lodhi (1489–1517 CE)
  3. Ibrahim Lodhi (1517 - 1526 CE)

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