Practice Bio ecology environment - indian geography mcq Online Quiz (set-2) For All Competitive Exams

In paleo-geography, Gondwana, originally Gondwanaland, was the southernmost of two supercontinents that were part of the Pangaea supercontinent. It existed from approximately 510 to 180 million years ago.

It included most of the landmasses in today's Southern Hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar and the Australian continent, as well as the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent, which have now moved entirely into the Northern Hemisphere.

Taiga is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches. It is the world’s largest terrestrial biome.

Deciduous means “falling off at maturity” “ or “tending to fall off”. It is typically used in order to refer to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally most commonly during autumn and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe.

Common examples of deciduous trees include oak, maple, and hickory trees.

There are different types of interactions in the biotic community. Frog feeds for snakes. Snakes are the main predators of frogs.

The control over a prey is determined by the level of competition faced by other predators. If the same prey is prey to other predators, the control is considered to be lesser.

An artificial ecosystem is one created by people. You can create an artificial ecosystem in an aquarium or terrarium. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward is credited as the inventor of the terrarium, which he accidently created in 1829.

Polar climates feature long and dark winter periods with extremely cold temperatures. Rainfall is low, and the deeper soil layers stay frozen all year round.

These harsh conditions combined result in treeless, sparse vegetation, which includes shrubs, lichens and mosses, during the summer months. This typical vegetation linked to polar climates is called tundra.

Sanitary landfills are low lying sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe. It is considered when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and physically. In high-income countries, the level of isolation achieved may be high.

Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste as well as human excreta is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. Moreover, they do not require heavy expenditure.

Nuclear energy usually means the part of the energy of an atomic nucleus, which can be released by fusion or fission or radioactive decay.

El Nino Modiki is associated with global warming.

Most of the terrestrial diversity is found in tropical rainforests. As per an estimation, these forests account for around 40% to 75% of all biotic species and are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet.

A single hectare of rainforest may contain 42,000 different species of insect, up to 807 trees of 313 species and 1,500 species of higher plants.

An evergreen forest is a forest consisting entirely or mainly of evergreen trees that retain green foliage all year round.

Such forests reign in the equatorial region, between the tropics primarily as broadleaf evergreens, and in temperate and boreal latitudes primarily as coniferous evergreens.

The development of plants into diverse and distinctive forms is mainly due to climatic factors such as temperature, precipitation, etc, which are in turn responsible for the variations in soil types. As seen in Koeppen’s classification, we can identify different climates by the types of plants that grow there.

Mangroves are various kinds of trees up to medium height and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics – mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. There are about 80 different species of mangrove trees.

All of these trees grow in areas with low-oxygen soil, where slow-moving waters allow fine sediments to accumulate.

The rubber plant grows wild in the equatorial regions of the world which are marked by rainfall of around 250 cm evenly distributed without any marked dry season and with at least 100 rainy days per year; temperature range of about 20°C to 34°C with a monthly mean of 25°C to 28°C; and high atmospheric humidity of around 80%.

The three largest producing countries, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia, together account for around 72% of all-natural rubber production.

Tropical rainforests exhibit high levels of biodiversity. Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests.

Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet. Two-thirds of all flowering plants can be found in rainforests.

Lions provide important ecological and cultural functions. As apex and keystone predator, lions help to regulate prey populations; they also will scavenge if the opportunity arises.

Culturally, the lion (and particularly the male with its highly distinctive mane) is one of the most widely recognized animal symbols in human culture and the lion plays a key role in save the pastures from being overgrazed.

An ecosystem consists of communities of many different species living together, and all the the physical aspects of the particular habitat, such as like soil, water, and weather.

Productivity is the rate of organic matter or biomass production. The average ocean productivity is about 50 grams of carbon per square meter per year; while, the average land productivity is 160 grams of carbon per square meter per year.

Salt marshes and mangroves have one of the highest productivity of 3300-6000 grams of carbon per square meter per year.

So the correct sequence of the ecosystem in the order of decreasing productivity is:

Mangroves > Grasslands > Lakes > Oceans.

Biosphere refers to that portion of the Earth which is occupied by the various forms of life, in addition to the three main physical zones, the Lithosphere, the Hydrosphere and the Atmosphere.

The biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists. It is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.